This study investigated how inhaling two essential oils — black pepper and angelica — affected cravings related to habitual behaviours among students, faculty, and staff at a U.S. college campus.

Results:

Both essential oils were found to lower the intensity of cravings and extend the time between urges. Black pepper demonstrated a stronger immediate effect in reducing cravings, while angelica appeared to help delay the return of the next craving.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that aromatherapy could provide supportive benefits during habit withdrawal. However, further research is recommended to confirm and expand on these results.

Traditional approaches to habit cessation, including medications and replacement therapies such as varenicline, typically focus on the primary source of reinforcement. However, behavioural and sensory triggers — including smell, taste, inhaling sensations, airway stimulation, and the hand-to-mouth action — can also play a major role in reinforcing the habit and triggering cravings.

Addressing both the underlying reinforcement and these sensorimot or experiences may improve success in quitting. This research reviewed whether replacing these sensory and behavioural elements could help reduce cravings and support cessation.

Strategies assessed included non-nicotine inhalers, aerosol devices, de-nicotinised alternatives, and electronic substitutes.

Findings:

The evidence suggests that sensorimotor replacement methods may improve outcomes when used alongside traditional cessation therapies. On their own, however, these approaches appear to be less effective.

This research explored the subjective effects of using a habit-replacement device that delivered vaporised black pepper essential oil. A total of 48 participants took part in a three-hour study session after abstaining overnight.

Participants were divided into three groups:

• One group used a device containing black pepper essential oil vapor
• Another group used a mint/menthol cartridge
• The third group used the device with an empty cartridge

Findings:

Participants using the black pepper vapor reported significantly lower craving levels compared with the other groups. They also experienced reduced negative mood and fewer symptoms of anxiety during the study. Additionally, stronger chest sensations were noted in the black pepper group.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that respiratory sensations may play a meaningful role in reducing withdrawal symptoms. Devices that deliver black pepper compounds could potentially provide supportive benefits as part of a broader cessation strategy.